Layer: mappinginequality

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Name: mappinginequality_polygons

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Type: Feature Layer

Geometry Type: esriGeometryPolygon

Description: This layer represents data from the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) Redlining Maps, which were produced by the U.S. government as part of its city survey from 1935-1940. The data in this layer have<span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;"> a <a style="background-color:rgb(220, 227, 232); border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:1px; color:rgb(34, 46, 51); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration:none; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;" target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/">CC-BY-NC license</a> and were downloaded on July 16, 2026 as a GeoJSON file from the University of Richmond's Digital Scholarship Lab, specifically from the “Mapping Inequality” component of <a target="_blank" href="https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/">American Panorama: An Atlas of United States History</a>. Citation: <span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">Nelson, Robert K., LaDale Winling, et al. "<a target="_blank" href="https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining"><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America</a><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">." Edited by Robert K. Nelson. American Panorama: An Atlas of United States History<span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">, 2023. <a target="_blank" href="https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining."><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining.</a><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;"> The discriminatory ethnic and racial biases inherent in these redlining maps are <a target="_blank" href="https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/howandwhy"><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">described in full</a><span style="display:inline !important; float:none; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;"> on the “Mapping Inequality” website: <p style="background-color:rgba(34, 58, 60, 0.85); color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">"Between 1935 and 1940, an agency of the federal government, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, graded the "residential security" of thousands of American neighborhoods. By "security," they meant the relative security or riskiness of those areas for banks, saving and loans, and other lenders who made mortgages.<p style="background-color:rgba(34, 58, 60, 0.85); color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">For each of these cities, they produced maps showing those grades. Neighborhoods they deemed "best" and safe investments were given a grade of A and colored green. Those that were deemed "hazardous" were given a grade of "D" and colored red.<p style="background-color:rgba(34, 58, 60, 0.85); color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">In most cases they also generated an "area description" for each of these neighborhoods providing descriptions of the houses, the sales and rental history, and of the residents.<p style="background-color:rgba(34, 58, 60, 0.85); color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">If those residents were African Americans or, to a lesser extent, immigrants or Jews, HOLC deemed them a threat to the stability of home values and described their presence as an "infiltration."<p style="background-color:rgba(34, 58, 60, 0.85); color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Lato, sans-serif; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-weight:300; letter-spacing:normal; text-align:start; text-decoration-color:initial; text-decoration-style:initial; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; word-spacing:0px;">Redlining was legal and practiced for decades. It dramatically affected the relative wealth—as well as the health—of different racial groups in America. Its impact is still with us today."

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city (type: esriFieldTypeString, alias: city, SQL Type: sqlTypeNVarchar, length: 4000, nullable: true, editable: true)
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commercial (type: esriFieldTypeSmallInteger, alias: commercial, SQL Type: sqlTypeSmallInt, nullable: true, editable: true)
industrial (type: esriFieldTypeSmallInteger, alias: industrial, SQL Type: sqlTypeSmallInt, nullable: true, editable: true)
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Last Edit Date: 7/16/2026 7:16:02 PM

Schema Last Edit Date: 7/16/2026 6:20:04 PM

Data Last Edit Date: 7/16/2026 6:20:04 PM

Supported Operations: Query Query Pivot Query Top Features Query Analytic Query Bins Generate Renderer Validate SQL Get Estimates ConvertFormat

Layer: mappinginequality_polygons (ID:0)